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I. Chapter Summary:

The chapter “Food Security in India” explores the importance of food as a basic necessity and how India addresses the challenge of ensuring its availability to all citizens. It discusses the concept of food security, factors affecting food security, and the role of the government through the Public Distribution System (PDS), buffer stock, and food grain subsidies. It also highlights the role of cooperatives and the National Food Security Act.

II. Key Concepts Covered:

Concept	Explanation
Food Security	Availability, accessibility, and affordability of food for all people at all times.
Hunger Types	Chronic (long-term insufficient food) and Seasonal (due to crop cycles, employment).
Food Insecurity Causes	Poverty, unemployment, poor health, natural disasters.
Buffer Stock	Stock of food grains maintained by the government through FCI.
Public Distribution System (PDS)	Government system for distributing subsidized food grains to the poor.
National Food Security Act (2013)	Provides subsidized food to 67% of India’s population.
Role of Cooperatives	Example: Amul, Mother Dairy – ensuring availability of milk and food items.

III. Important Questions:

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark):

1. Which of the following is not a component of food security?
   • (A) Availability
   • (B) Affordability
   • (C) Accountability
   • (D) Accessibility
     ✅ Answer: C
2. What is buffer stock?
   • (A) Extra food grains produced by farmers
   • (B) Stock maintained by private traders
   • (C) Stock maintained by FCI
     ✅ Answer: C
3. Which organization maintains buffer stock in India?
   • (A) RBI
   • (B) FCI
     ✅ Answer: B
4. Who are the most affected during food scarcity?
   • (A) Rich businessmen
   • (B) Government officials
   • (C) Poor and needy
     ✅ Answer: C

(B) Short Answer Questions (2/3 Marks):

1. What is food security? Why is it necessary?
2. Write two reasons why food insecurity occurs in India.
3. What is the role of the PDS in ensuring food security?
4. How do cooperatives help in food security? (PYQ 2022)

(C) Long Answer Questions (5 Marks):

1. Explain any five major components of food security in India.
2. How does the government ensure food security through the PDS and buffer stock?
3. Discuss the impact of the National Food Security Act (2013) on food security.
4. Explain the role of cooperatives and self-help groups in achieving food security.

(D) HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills):

1. Do you think food subsidy is a permanent solution to food insecurity in India? Justify.
2. “Despite large food grain production, hunger exists.” Analyze.

IV. Key Formulas/Concepts:

(Not applicable to this chapter in Economics)

V. Deleted Portions (CBSE 2025–2026):

No portions have been deleted from this chapter as per the rationalized NCERT textbooks.

VI. Chapter-Wise Marks Bifurcation (Estimated – CBSE 2025–2026):

Unit/Chapter	Estimated Marks	Type of Questions Typically Asked
Food Security in India	4–6 Marks	Short Answer, MCQs, HOTS, Map Work

VII. Previous Year Questions (PYQs):

• 2020 (3 Marks): Explain the three dimensions of food security.
• 2022 (2 Marks): What is buffer stock and how is it maintained?
• 2023 (5 Marks): How does the Public Distribution System ensure food security in India?

VIII. Real-World Application Examples:

• COVID-19 Lockdown: Government used buffer stock and PDS to distribute free grains to the poor.
• Floods/Droughts: States use food grains from FCI to prevent starvation.
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme: Ensures both nutrition and food security for school children.

IX. Student Tips & Strategies for Success:

Time Management:

Dedicate 30 minutes to Social Science daily. Make flowcharts for government schemes.

Exam Preparation:

Practice map-based questions; focus on keywords like buffer stock, FCI, PDS.

Stress Management:

Don’t memorize blindly—relate topics to current events and news to understand better.

X. Career Guidance & Exploration:

For Classes 9–10:

• Streams to Choose: Humanities (for Economics/Geography), Commerce (for Business Studies), Science (for Agri-tech)
• Career Paths: Economist, Policy Advisor, Agri-scientist, Civil Services (IAS/IFS)
• Exams: NTSE, Olympiads in Social Studies, NTA Talent Search

For Classes 11–12:

• Undergraduate Options: BA in Economics, B.Sc in Agriculture, BBA
• Entrance Exams: CUET, ICAR AIEEA, UPSC, State PSCs

XI. Important Notes:

• Always cross-check with CBSE’s official site for syllabus updates.
• Revise concepts regularly—conceptual clarity beats rote learning.
• Use flowcharts, diagrams, and real-world news articles to retain information.